Shipping Firearms, Regulations and Restrictions

Sending a firearm across the country might seem straightforward, but it's a journey with rules and bottlenecks. We'll cover everything from "Can I ship a rifle through USPS?" to understanding restrictions on air guns and air rifles.

Legal Framework for Shipping Firearms 

Shipping firearms in the U.S. is heavily regulated by federal laws, particularly the Gun Control Act (GCA) of 1968, which sets specific requirements for both licensed firearms dealers and individuals. Whether you're a dealer or a private citizen, it’s essential to understand the legal guidelines for shipping firearms.

Key Points to Consider

1. Licensing and Eligibility
   Generally, only licensed firearms dealers (Federal Firearms License holders or FFLs) are permitted to ship firearms across state lines. However, private individuals may legally ship their firearms under specific circumstances, such as moving to a new state, sending a firearm for repairs or modifications, or inheriting one. Shipping a firearm to another individual without using an FFL is generally prohibited unless both parties reside in the same state.
2. Choice of Shipping Courier
   Not all shipping companies accept firearms, and those that do—such as UPS, FedEx, and USPS—have strict policies that must be followed. UPS and FedEx allow the shipment of firearms, including handguns, but require adherence to specific methods, such as next-day air shipping for handguns and adult signature confirmation upon delivery. USPS permits non-licensees to ship rifles and shotguns but does not allow them to ship handguns.
3. Proper Packaging
   Firearms must be securely packed in a hard-sided container, such as a gun case, with appropriate padding to prevent damage during transit. For safety and legal compliance, ammunition must be packed separately in a strong, sealed container and follow the hazardous material shipping rules. It's also important that the package is discreet and does not bear any labels indicating that it contains a firearm.
4. Documentation Requirements
   Courier companies typically require documentation, which may include a copy of your driver’s license, recipient details, and any necessary licenses or permits. Additionally, when transferring ownership of a firearm, ensure that all federally required forms, such as the ATF Form 4473, are completed through an FFL.
5. State Law Compliance
   State laws vary significantly regarding firearm shipments. Before shipping a firearm, it’s crucial to research the recipient’s state laws to ensure that the firearm isn’t prohibited. States such as California, New York, and New Jersey have strict regulations on the types of firearms that can be shipped or imported.

Additional Considerations:

• Shipping Ammunition
  Ammunition is regulated separately from firearms and is subject to hazardous materials regulations. Ensure that any ammunition shipments are properly labeled and comply with shipping guidelines.
• International Shipping
  International firearm shipments are subject to strict export controls and typically require special export licenses. You must also comply with the recipient country’s import laws.

Shipping Firearms with USPS

Shipping firearms through the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) is tightly regulated, and it’s essential to follow the specific rules for different types of firearms to avoid legal issues. Here’s a breakdown of what’s allowed and how to properly package and document your shipment.

What You Can and Can’t Send

• Rifles and Shotguns
  These long guns can be legally mailed via USPS, provided they are unloaded and do not fall under the category of "prohibited firearms" (e.g., certain assault weapons, depending on state and federal law). Both licensed dealers and private individuals can mail rifles and shotguns under specific conditions, including shipping to an FFL in another state or mailing to oneself (e.g., when moving or traveling for hunting).
• Handguns
  USPS prohibits the mailing of handguns by non-licensees. Only licensed dealers and manufacturers (FFLs) can ship handguns via USPS, and they must follow strict procedures. Private individuals must use a common carrier, such as FedEx or UPS, to ship handguns, as USPS does not allow them in regular mail.

Packaging Guidelines

• Unloaded Firearms
  Before shipping, you must ensure that your firearm is completely unloaded. Double-checking this is crucial, as shipping a loaded firearm is illegal and highly dangerous.
• Sturdy Packaging
  Use a strong, durable box that fits the firearm with ample padding to prevent damage during transit. The packaging should be secure enough to prevent any tampering or accidental damage.
• Discreet Labeling:
  Federal law prohibits any markings or labels on the outside of the package that indicate it contains a firearm. The package should look like a standard parcel, with no signs or stickers suggesting its contents.

Documentation and Proof

• Rifles and Shotguns:
  USPS may require proof that the firearm is unloaded, which could involve opening the package at the post office or providing written certification. Be prepared to comply with postal regulations and, if shipping to an FFL, ensure that all necessary licenses and documents are in order.
• Handguns
  Since USPS does not permit the mailing of handguns by private individuals, there is no need for paperwork in these cases. However, licensed dealers who ship handguns through USPS must follow all postal regulations, including record-keeping and proper documentation.

Additional Considerations

• Ammunition:
  Ammunition cannot be shipped through USPS under any circumstances. It must be sent through a licensed common carrier like UPS or FedEx, adhering to their specific rules regarding the shipment of hazardous materials.

Shipping Firearms with UPS

Shipping firearms through UPS requires compliance with both federal and company-specific regulations to ensure a smooth and lawful transaction. UPS allows the shipment of various types of firearms, provided you follow strict packaging and documentation guidelines.

What You Can and Can’t Send

• Rifles and Shotguns:
  Individuals can legally ship rifles and shotguns through UPS, provided the firearms are unloaded and shipped in accordance with federal, state, and local laws. You can send firearms to yourself or to a Federal Firearms License (FFL) holder, such as for repairs or a transfer of ownership.
• Handguns:
  UPS allows the shipment of handguns, but the package must be sent through an FFL holder or be part of a legal transaction involving licensed dealers. Handguns must be shipped using a specific UPS service, such as Next Day Air, to minimize handling and ensure safety.

Packaging Guidelines

• Unloaded Firearms
  All firearms being shipped via UPS must be completely unloaded. Double-checking that the firearm is not loaded before packing is critical.
• Sturdy Packaging:
  Use a strong, secure cardboard box with plenty of padding to protect the firearm from damage. The package should be securely sealed to prevent tampering or accidental opening during transit.
• Discreet Labeling
  UPS requires that the package does not contain any labels or markings that indicate the contents are a firearm. The box should appear as a standard package to ensure discretion.

Documentation and Proof

• Rifles, Shotguns, and Handguns:
  When shipping firearms, UPS requires a declaration form indicating the type and number of firearms being shipped. If sending the firearm to an FFL holder, ensure that the recipient's license information is valid and up to date.

Additional Considerations

• Ammunition:
  UPS does not allow ammunition to be shipped in the same package as the firearm. Ammunition must be shipped separately and follow the guidelines for hazardous materials, including appropriate labeling.

Shipping Firearms with FedEx

Shipping firearms with FedEx involves adhering to their strict policies and federal regulations to ensure your firearm reaches its destination legally and safely. FedEx handles the shipment of firearms but requires special agreements for certain shipments.

What You Can and Can’t Send

• Rifles and Shotguns:
  FedEx permits the shipment of rifles and shotguns, provided the firearms are unloaded and are not considered prohibited under federal or state law. These shipments must comply with both FedEx policies and all applicable legal requirements.
• Handguns:
  FedEx allows handguns to be shipped, but only through specific services and under a prior written agreement. Typically, only licensed dealers, manufacturers, and certain law enforcement agencies are allowed to ship handguns using FedEx. The shipment must be sent via an express service, such as FedEx Priority Overnight.

Packaging Guidelines

• Unloaded Firearms:
  Ensure that the firearm is completely unloaded before shipping. This includes checking that no ammunition is present in the chamber or magazine.
• Sturdy Packaging:
  Use a strong, durable box with adequate padding to secure the firearm during transit. FedEx requires that the package be sealed with high-quality tape to prevent tampering or accidental opening.
• Discreet Labeling:
  FedEx does not allow any markings on the package that indicate it contains a firearm. The labeling must be discreet, with the package treated like any other parcel.

Documentation and Proof

• Rifles, Shotguns, and Handguns:
  FedEx requires that firearm shipments include a completed Firearms Transaction Record (FTR) when applicable. Additionally, any shipment involving handguns or restricted items will require special documentation and approval through FedEx, including evidence of the recipient’s FFL.

Additional Considerations

• Ammunition:
  Ammunition cannot be shipped with firearms and must be sent separately, following FedEx’s guidelines for hazardous materials. Proper labeling and packaging must be used to comply with federal regulations.

Shipping Air Guns and Air Rifles

Air guns and air rifles are commonly used for target practice and pest control, but shipping them can be a bit tricky due to various regulations. Can you send them through USPS, UPS, or FedEx? Let’s break it down.

Packing and Labeling

1. Ensure the Air Gun is Unloaded: Before packing, confirm that the air gun is completely unloaded and safe for transport.
2. Secure Packaging: Use a sturdy box with plenty of padding to protect the air gun from damage during transit.
3. Proper Labeling: Clearly label the package with your return address and the recipient’s details. It’s also a good idea to ensure the packaging doesn’t resemble a firearm, to avoid any confusion.

Courier Differences

• USPS: Generally, USPS does not permit the shipment of firearms, including air guns, unless by licensed dealers or law enforcement agencies. However, air guns aren’t considered firearms under federal law. You should check with USPS directly to ensure compliance with their specific policies, which can vary depending on the air gun’s characteristics.
• UPS: UPS allows domestic shipping of air guns but requires compliance with federal, state, and local regulations. Restrictions may apply depending on your location or the type of air gun being shipped. Always double-check with your local UPS office for any additional rules or restrictions.
• FedEx: FedEx accepts air guns for domestic shipment, but like UPS, you must adhere to all applicable laws. Some FedEx locations may have stricter guidelines, especially for international shipments. Contact your local office to confirm any specific requirements.

Important Considerations

• State and Local Laws: Always check the laws in both your state and the recipient’s state. Some states regulate air guns similarly to firearms, requiring permits or imposing age restrictions. In places like New York City or certain parts of California, air guns may even be prohibited.
• Age Restrictions: Many states have age restrictions on the purchase and ownership of air guns. Ensure that the recipient is of legal age, which can vary by state but is often 18 years or older.
• International Shipping: Shipping air guns internationally is much stricter. Many countries treat air guns as firearms, requiring special permits or banning their import altogether. Always review both U.S. export laws and the recipient country’s import regulations before attempting to ship an air gun abroad.

Shipping Firearms with UPS and FedEx 

Knowing the ins and outs of shipping with UPS and FedEx is crucial to avoid delays and hefty fines when sending your rifle or shotgun across the country. Let's compare these giants and explore their firearm shipping rules.

Similarities

• Both couriers require unloaded firearms, no ammo in the same package, and compliance with all federal, state, and local laws.
• Both have strict rules against shipping automatic weapons and firearm parts that can be assembled.

Differences

• FFL requirements: UPS allows any individual with a valid FFL to ship firearms. FedEx, however, requires a special agreement and contract with them before you can ship.
• Documentation: UPS requires a declaration form stating the type and number of firearms being shipped. FedEx needs a completed Firearms Transaction Record (FTR).

Packaging Tips

• Use a sturdy, cardboard box with plenty of padding to prevent movement.
• Double-check that the firearm is unloaded and the safety is engaged.
• Use high-quality tape to securely tape the box.
• Print the shipping label clearly and attach it to the box, avoiding any markings that might reveal the contents.

These are just general guidelines. Always consult the courier's website for the latest rules and specific requirements. Double-check your local laws before shipping, as they may have additional restrictions.

UPS is the simpler option if you're shipping rifles and shotguns, FedEx handles handguns but requires more paperwork and prior approval.

Restrictions and Prohibited Items 

Before sending a firearm through the mail, note some of the things you just can't send. Couriers like USPS, UPS, and FedEx have strict rules on what they'll transport.

Here's a quick rundown of what's off-limits

With USPS

•  Handguns: This is mostly a restricted class of firearms comprising of pistols, revolvers, and other concealable firearms. You can only mail these items if:
• They meet the definition of being antique firearms and are mailed between curio and relic collectors only.
• They are classified as air guns. Air guns are not considered to be firearms hence shipping only requires a verified adult signature.
• Shipping is between authorized vendors and manufacturers.
• Unloaded rifles and shotguns: You can generally ship this class of firearms with USPS with a small caveat. Verification is required based on state and federal regulations. Additionally, rifles and shotguns can be mailed without restrictions when shipped in the same state.

With UPS

UPS generally accepts firearm shipments with the following exceptions:

• Automatic weapons including machine guns.
• International shipment except on a contractual basis.
• Transportation of the said firearms or parts that violate state or federal law.
• Unlicensed or underage recipient.

FedEx only allows shipping of firearms by FFL licensees and state and federal agencies. These consignments must also be subjected to state and federal regulations.

Note:

• Certain configurations such as SBSs, SBRs, Silencers, and other NFA items are also banned by all three couriers.
• Some firearm parts and accessories vary in prohibition among the carriers. Some, such as USPS do not mail ammo. However, UPS and FedEx can ship your ammo. Therefore, always check with the courier before packing. 
• Don't mail anything illegal where you are, like automatic weapons or firearms without proper paperwork.

A Summary of Key Similarities and Differences

Here is a table comparing the similarities and differences in shipping firearms through USPS, UPS, and FedEx:

Aspect	USPS	UPS	FedEx
Who Can Ship	- Rifles/Shotguns: Licensed dealers and private individuals. - Handguns: Only FFL holders or government entities.	- Rifles/Shotguns: Licensed dealers and individuals. - Handguns: FFL holders and individuals for repairs/transfers.	- Rifles/Shotguns: Licensed dealers and private individuals. - Handguns: Only with a special agreement (FFL holders).
Handgun Restrictions	- Prohibited for non-licensees. Only FFLs can ship handguns.	- Allowed but must be shipped via Next Day Air.	- Allowed only with Priority Overnight and prior agreement.
Rifle/Shotgun Restrictions	- Allowed if unloaded and not "prohibited."	- Allowed if unloaded and shipped to an FFL or self.	- Allowed if unloaded and shipped according to federal/state laws.
Ammunition	- Cannot be shipped.	- Must be shipped separately from firearms as hazardous material.	- Must be shipped separately from firearms as hazardous material.
Packaging Requirements	- Sturdy, hard-sided container. No labels or markings indicating contents.	- Strong cardboard box with sufficient padding. Discreet labeling without firearm indications.	- Strong, tamper-proof packaging. No labels indicating firearm contents.
Documentation	- May require proof that the firearm is unloaded or written certification.	- Requires declaration of firearm type and number. Must verify FFL recipient.	- Requires Firearms Transaction Record (FTR) and approval for handguns.
Shipping Restrictions	- Prohibits fully automatic weapons and certain "prohibited" firearms.	- Prohibits fully automatic weapons and some firearm parts.	- Prohibits fully automatic weapons and some firearm parts.
Shipping Service	- Standard mail for long guns. Cannot ship handguns through USPS.	- Next Day Air for handguns. Other services for long guns.	- Priority Overnight for handguns. Other services for long guns.
Additional Requirements	- Must be unloaded and follow state laws. Must check local laws.	- Must comply with all federal and state laws. Verify FFL recipient.	- Special agreement needed for handguns. Must comply with all federal and state laws.

Key Similarities

• All three couriers require firearms to be unloaded before shipping.
• They do not allow ammunition to be shipped in the same package as the firearm.
• None of the couriers allows the shipment of fully automatic weapons or restricted parts without federal authorization.
• Packages must not have any labeling that indicates they contain a firearm.

Key Differences

• USPS allows private individuals to ship long guns, but prohibits handgun shipments by non-licensees, while UPS and FedEx allow individuals to ship handguns with stricter conditions.
• FedEx requires a prior agreement for shipping handguns, unlike UPS, which only mandates Next Day Air shipping.
• UPS and FedEx allow the shipment of both rifles and handguns by individuals, while USPS restricts handgun shipments to FFL holders only.

Tips for Safe and Legal Shipping 

Safety and legal compliance should be your top priorities before moving your firearms. Here are some practical pointers to keep your guns secure and avoid any complications:

1. Unload and Secure: Before boxing anything, double-check that your firearms are unloaded and magazines are empty. Keep ammunition separate in a locked container.
2. Pack it Right: Invest in sturdy, well-padded cases that fit your firearms snugly. Hard cases with locks offer extra protection. Pack them carefully, ensuring nothing can move around and cause damage.
3. Check the Rules: Each courier and state has its firearm shipping regulations. Research thoroughly. Look for specific instructions on accepted packaging, documentation, and permitted shipping methods. When in doubt, don't hesitate to contact the courier or consult a firearms expert.
4. Labeling: It is advised to not accompany your package with any marking to suggest or reveal what you are shipping. This works for USPS and FedEx. UPS may require you to clearly label as “Hazardous Material” your address and an adult’s signature. 
5. Keep Records: Track your shipment with a tracking number and note down the date, courier, and any important details about your package.

The bottom line

Shipping firearms can be a bit of a maze. The rules applied vary depending on the type of firearm, where you're sending it, and who you're sending it to. Generally, rifles and shotguns can be mailed within the same state if they're unloaded and properly packaged. Handguns, however, require a licensed dealer to handle the shipping. No matter the firearm, never include ammunition in the same package.